Actuation Flemion-based IPMC in TBA+ form

Deformed Shape of Nafion-based IPMC in Na+– form; Glycerol as Solvent (2V  DC)

Simple Model

Observation of TBA

Volumetric Model Summary

Partial Molar Volumes

Rapid Hopping of H+: The Grotthus Mechanism

Model

Osmotic Pressure & Hydration-induced Pre-compression

A Cluster with Dipoles & Water

Anode Side Contracts, t = 0+

Cathode BL: State at t = 0+

Cathode BL: Relaxed State, t >> 0+

Stiffness of bare Nafion

Stiffness of IPMC: Uniaxial Stress

 Actuation Modeling: Charge Distribution

Actuation Modeling: Anode and Cathode Boundary

Actuation Modeling: Displacement Rate

Stiffness vs. Hydration
Model vs. Experimental results

Stiffness vs. Hydration
Model vs. Experimental results

Normalized Cation Distribution

Anode boundary layer growth over time

Charge distribution

Model vs. Experiment

Actuation of Nafion-Based IPMC in Na+ Form
1.5 V DC Applied Then Shorted

Nafion-based IPMC in Li-form

Water Intake & Osmotic Pressure

Osmotic Pressure and Elastic Resistance of  Polymer Matrix

Dielectric Constant