Experimental determination of composition of IPMC

 Metal content determination

Metal Distribution

Stiffness of bare Nafion in various cation forms (Water as solvent)

Effective capacitance of Nafion-based IPMCs in various cation forms and solvents

Measurement of Metal Plating

Tip Displacement, Nafion-based IPMC

Actuation of Nafion-based IPMC in Single Ion Form

Actuation of IPMCs in Single Ion Form

Nafion-based IPMC in Na+-form
(1.5V DC)

Flamion-based IPMC in Na+-form (1.5V DC)

Flamion-based IPMC in M+-form
1.5V DC

Flamion-based IPMC in M+-form
1.5V DC

Fully elimination of actuation towards anode

Tip Displacement/Length as Function of Time

Electro-chemo-mechanical Model Experimental Data

Electro-chemo-mechanical Response Over Many Cycles

Actuation of IPMCs in Combined Ion Forms

Advantages and Disadvantages

 Test two: Nafion-based IPMC, from Na to Na-TBA

Actuation:  Flemion-based IPMC